Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey

Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey

Mudroom design

Whether you're dreaming of a minimalist living room, a rustic kitchen, or a luxurious bathroom, they've got the expertise to turn your vision into reality. Learn more about Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey here Moreover, our project managers keep everything on track, ensuring your project is completed on time and within budget. Walk-in shower installation It's about creating a harmonious connection between your home and its surroundings. They're here to make that dream a reality.
However, with Canyon Property Projects Ltd. at your helm in Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey, you're equipped with a compass that points straight to success. The answer lies in their unparalleled commitment to quality, customer satisfaction, and the breadth of services they offer. The gallery is a curated selection of projects, each reflecting the meticulous attention to detail and innovative design solutions that are Canyon's hallmark.
Canyon Property Projects Ltd. supports you in making informed decisions, leveraging their expertise to guide your choices. They understand that the backbone of any successful renovation or construction project lies not just in the expertise of their team but also in the quality of materials and tools used. They've set the bar high, ensuring that every nail, tile, and finish reflects their commitment to excellence. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here.
Moreover, incorporating energy-efficient features and smart home technology can further elevate your property's value. This means you'll enjoy a kitchen that's not only beautiful but also kind to the planet. Let's take a closer look at what makes them stand out in the crowded field of home improvement.

Home improvement ideas Surrey

As you navigate the landscape of home improvement in Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey, you'll find that this company stands out with its unique blend of innovation, style, and sustainability. Plus, their services don't stop at plumbing. Focusing on quality and efficiency, Canyon Property Projects ensures your home improvement is completed to the highest standards, on time and within budget. They understand that the kitchen isn't just a place to cook; it's the center of family life and entertainment. Understanding the comprehensive services offered by Canyon Property Projects Ltd is just the beginning; now, let's explore how they tailor each project to meet your unique needs and desires.
You'll notice the difference immediately. They redefine living, making every home a testament to modern elegance and comfort. With Canyon Property Projects, you're not just getting a service; you're investing in a partner who values your time and investment as much as you do. Moreover, we regularly benchmark our prices against the market to ensure we remain competitive.
With a keen eye for detail and a commitment to quality, they've transformed mundane spaces into stunning, functional homes. Home renovation You're likely familiar with their reputation for high-quality work and client satisfaction, but now, they're taking things a step further. Read more about Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey here This careful selection process guarantees not only the success of your project but also its longevity and your satisfaction. In choosing Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you're not just getting a contractor; you're gaining peace of mind.
Their design philosophy centers on creating environments that reflect your personal taste while enhancing the way you live. Beyond their aesthetic transformations, Canyon Property Projects Ltd also prioritizes sustainability in every renovation. They're committed to adding real value to your property, ensuring that any investment you make in your home today pays off in the long run. You'll find their portfolio peppered with a variety of renovations and constructions that not only enhance the aesthetics of a property but also its functionality and value.

Citations and other links

Heating And Cooling Upgrades Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey

From bamboo flooring to recycled glass countertops, they're on a mission to incorporate green alternatives that don't compromise on style or durability. Moreover, we believe that quality shouldn't come at an exorbitant price. Don't overlook your roofing; it's not only critical for protection but also plays a significant role in your home's appearance. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., your home improvement project becomes a testament to sustainable living, proving that you don't have to sacrifice style or comfort to make a positive impact on the environment.

Electrical renovations

  1. Baseboard and trim renovation
  2. Smart home upgrades
  3. Laminate flooring installation
  4. Home theater installation
  5. Eco-friendly renovations
  6. Surrey heritage home restoration
  7. Full-service renovation Surrey
  8. Modern home renovation Surrey
  9. Laundry room renovation
  10. Fireplace remodeling
  11. Permit and code compliance
  12. Entertainment room renovation
  13. Home addition services
  14. Renovation contractors
  15. Entryway remodeling
  16. Financing options for renovation
  17. Basement waterproofing
Transforming your kitchen into the heart of your home, we specialize in tailoring spaces that cater to your culinary dreams and lifestyle.

You'll receive detailed plans and 3D renderings, allowing you to visualize the outcome before any work begins. Their attention to detail doesn't stop at aesthetics. From bespoke design and planning to expert craftsmanship underpinned by sustainable building practices, their approach is comprehensive. With their unmatched expertise, they've tailored their offerings to not just meet, but exceed homeowner expectations, ensuring every project reflects their hallmark of quality craftsmanship.

They handle the stress so you don't have to, turning what could be an overwhelming process into a seamless experience. They're all about creating a space where you can unwind and rejuvenate, no matter the size or layout of your bathroom. They mentioned the smooth process, from initial consultation to the final walkthrough, emphasizing the team's attention to detail and open communication. From installing energy-efficient windows to setting up smart home systems that allow you to control your heating, lighting, and security remotely, they're all about merging convenience with sustainability.

Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't just offer you a service; they offer you a partnership in making conscientious choices that align with a sustainable lifestyle. They're not just about making a space look good; they're deeply invested in ensuring it works well for your lifestyle. Moreover, they're flexible and responsive to changes. So, investing in your property's curb appeal isn't just about aesthetics; it's a strategic move that pays off in both satisfaction and financial returns. Attic renovation

Heating And Cooling Upgrades Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey
Residential Renovation Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey

Residential Renovation Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey

It's simple; let the clients tell you. Whether you're curious about their design philosophy, eager to browse through their before and after gallery, or interested in learning how they integrate sustainability into every project, Canyon Property Projects Ltd offers a comprehensive approach to modernizing your home. At its core, Canyon Property Projects Ltd aims to enhance the comfort and value of homes across Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey with top-notch renovation and customization services. So, if you're dreaming of a home that stands out, they're ready to take on the challenge and deliver results that exceed your expectations.

So, you're not just investing in a beautiful space, but also in a smarter, more energy-efficient home. With just a few taps on your smartphone or tablet, you can manage your home's environment, even when you're not there. You're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with a team that guarantees a hassle-free renovation experience. Landscaping and hardscaping

Plus, they'll handle all the technical aspects, from securing necessary permits to adhering to local building codes, making the process seamless and stress-free. Investing in their interior design services not only elevates your living experience but also significantly increases your property's value. Kitchens, once closed-off and inefficient, now boast open layouts with state-of-the-art appliances and sleek cabinetry.

Whether it's the type of flooring that carries from inside to outside without a hitch or the strategic placement of windows and doors to optimize natural light and views, they've got it covered. Living room renovation With their expertise, you're not just getting a service; you're embarking on a journey to elevate your home's outdoor environment. You're likely looking for ways to enhance your Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey home, and with the latest trends and technologies, there are countless options to consider.

Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey Roofing And Siding Services

You'll appreciate their transparent communication, as they keep you in the loop at every stage of the project. Our team is made up of experienced professionals who take pride in their work, adhering to strict timelines and budget constraints without compromising on quality. Canyon Property doesn't just focus on aesthetics; they also prioritize efficiency upgrades.

Attic renovation

  1. Painting and wall finishes
  2. Residential remodeling
  3. Drywall installation and repair
  4. Porch renovation
  5. House remodeling experts
  6. Door installation
  7. Surrey renovation project planning
  8. Home office renovation
  9. Green home remodeling
  10. Best renovation experts Surrey
  11. Surrey home renovation company
  12. Countertop installation
  13. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  14. Interior painting
  15. Renovation cost estimates
  16. Baseboard and trim renovation
  17. Smart home upgrades
  18. Laminate flooring installation
Whole house renovation This initial contact is your gateway to transforming your home into the space you've always dreamed of. And don't forget the interior designers, who'll make sure your space not only works well but looks amazing.

Canyon Property offers a wide range of home improvement services designed to meet the specific needs of realtors and property owners in Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey. They're not just building homes; they're building dreams. In essence, an exterior makeover is a strategic blend of aesthetics and functionality. Starting your home improvement journey with Canyon Property Projects Ltd is as simple as reaching out for a consultation.

Their commitment to transparency means you'll be kept in the loop at every stage, with regular updates and access to a project manager who's always there to answer your questions. This level of aftercare support is crucial, as it reflects Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s dedication to quality and customer satisfaction. They want to make sure you're not just satisfied, but delighted.



Home improvement ideas Surrey

  • Vanity replacement
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Electrical renovations
  • Backsplash installation
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Residential remodeling
  • Drywall installation and repair
  • Porch renovation
  • House remodeling experts
  • Door installation
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Home office renovation
  • Green home remodeling
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey Roofing And Siding Services
Exterior Property Renovation Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey
Exterior Property Renovation Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey

They're also adept at addressing structural issues, offering solutions that not only improve the appearance of your home but also its safety and durability. Moving beyond the visual transformations, let's hear directly from those who've experienced Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s remarkable home improvements first-hand.

Attic renovation

  1. Home gym remodeling
  2. Surrey custom home upgrades
  3. Energy-efficient renovations
  4. Custom home remodeling
  5. Walk-in shower installation
  6. Electrical renovations
  7. Backsplash installation
  8. Custom cabinetry
  9. Home remodeling consultation
  10. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  11. Painting and wall finishes
  12. Residential remodeling
  13. Drywall installation and repair
  14. Porch renovation
  15. House remodeling experts
  16. Door installation
Their attention to detail means every element, from lighting to landscaping, is thoughtfully integrated to enhance both the beauty and functionality of your outdoor area. You'll never be left in the dark, wondering about the status of your project. We prioritize efficient use of space, ensuring every inch contributes to a seamless cooking and dining experience.

For a truly luxurious touch, incorporate technology with features like digital showers that allow temperature and flow control at the touch of a button, or whirlpool tubs for the ultimate relaxation. Backsplash installation For realtors, curb appeal is even more crucial.

Staircase renovation

  1. Interior painting
  2. Renovation cost estimates
  3. Baseboard and trim renovation
  4. Smart home upgrades
  5. Laminate flooring installation
  6. Home theater installation
  7. Eco-friendly renovations
  8. Surrey heritage home restoration
  9. Full-service renovation Surrey
  10. Modern home renovation Surrey
  11. Laundry room renovation
  12. Fireplace remodeling
  13. Permit and code compliance
  14. Entertainment room renovation
  15. Home addition services
  16. Renovation contractors
  17. Entryway remodeling
If you're looking to enhance your home's energy efficiency, they offer eco-friendly options that can reduce your carbon footprint and save you money on utilities in the long run. These are sought-after amenities that appeal to today's environmentally conscious and tech-savvy buyers.

They then proceed to planning, where timelines, budgets, and resources are mapped out. Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey's market trends show a growing demand for modern, energy-efficient homes with high-quality finishes. Next, you'll receive a clear, comprehensive quote that respects your budget without compromising on quality. With a keen eye for detail and a commitment to excellence, their team of skilled professionals goes above and beyond to deliver results that not only meet but exceed your expectations.

They're equally diligent about the functionality and durability of their work.

Bedroom remodeling

  1. Electrical renovations
  2. Backsplash installation
  3. Custom cabinetry
  4. Home remodeling consultation
  5. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  6. Painting and wall finishes
  7. Residential remodeling
  8. Drywall installation and repair
  9. Porch renovation
  10. House remodeling experts
  11. Door installation
  12. Surrey renovation project planning
  13. Home office renovation
  14. Green home remodeling
  15. Best renovation experts Surrey
  16. Surrey home renovation company
  17. Countertop installation
  18. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  19. Interior painting
  20. Renovation cost estimates
They understand that questions and concerns can arise after the job is done. After exploring custom transformations, it's crucial to highlight the role of quality materials and tools in bringing your dream home to life with Canyon Property Projects Ltd. This dynamic market can significantly influence the types and extents of renovations that'll resonate most with potential buyers or enhance your property's value.

Custom Home Improvements Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey

With Canyon Property Projects Ltd's comprehensive home improvement services in Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey, you're not just enhancing the aesthetic appeal of your property; you're investing in its future value. Embarking on a home improvement journey can often feel like navigating through a dense forest, full of unknowns and potential pitfalls. Opting for shingle replacement or color changes can rejuvenate your home's look. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., your home improvement project is in hands that truly understand the value of tailoring everything to suit your individual needs and tastes.
That's why we've built our reputation on a foundation of trust and reliability, ensuring that every project we undertake is completed with the utmost professionalism and dedication to quality. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. understands that your home is your sanctuary. Mudroom design Our team's expertise spans across all areas of home improvement, from initial design and planning to the final touches of decoration.
If there are any adjustments needed, they're on it, fast. Just as they've mastered the art of creating custom kitchens, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. now offers the same level of expertise and personalization for luxurious bathroom upgrades. They don't stop at materials, though.
With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you're not just getting a service. Whether it's a minor adjustment you need or just some advice on maintaining your newly upgraded space, they're just a call or email away. Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s team of experts works closely with you to select materials and designs that align with your vision, ensuring the end result is both beautiful and functional.

Exterior siding replacement

  1. Fireplace remodeling
  2. Permit and code compliance
  3. Entertainment room renovation
  4. Home addition services
  5. Renovation contractors
  6. Entryway remodeling
  7. Financing options for renovation
  8. Basement waterproofing
  9. Wall removal services
  10. Roofing and gutters
  11. Basement suite construction
  12. Outdoor kitchen installation
  13. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  14. Home energy audit
  15. Home gym remodeling

Explore Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey here
Custom Home Improvements Complete Kitchen Renovation Surrey
Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

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Piping systems

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The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

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Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

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PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

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PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

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PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

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Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

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Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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